mullah
11-08-2004, 10:45 AM
3 lessons.Not by me. I don't think there were any more done. If so, please paste it here.
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Ajrumiyyah lesson 1 - Al-Kalam
The author is Abu ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Daawud as-Sinhaajiyy, known as Ibn Aajurroom. He was born in 672 Hijri and died in 723, may Allah have mercy on him.
Lesson 0.1
الكلام هو اللفظ المُرَكٌب المفيد بالوضع al-kalaamu huwa’l-lafdhu’l-murakkabu’l-mufeedu bi’l-wad3i – ‘Speech refers to beneficial compound utterances, which follow the rules of Arabic grammar.”
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الكلام (speech) has two meanings; one linguistic and one grammatical.
Linguistically, it refers to something through which some benefit is obtained, and it can be a word, or something else such as a line, writing, or a gesture. For e.g. if someone were to ask you “Have you brought me the book I asked you for?” and you nodded your head, then your questioner would understand this to mean ‘yes’, so linguistically, this is defined as كلام.
Grammatically speech must fulfill four conditions in order that it be called كلام.
i) That it is a لفظ (spoken word)
ii) That it is مركب (compound)
iii) That it is مفيد (beneficial)
iv) That it is used according to the rules of Arabic.
Each of these will be explained more below insha’Allaah:
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i) لفظ lafdh means that it is a sound which comprises some of the letters of the alphabet that begin with أ and end with ي. For example, the words أحمد Ahmad and يكتب yaktubu (He writes) and سعيد sa3eed (happy) – upon pronounciation, each of these three words is a sound which comprises four letters of the alphabet. A gesture, for example, is not considered كلام by the grammarians, because it does not comprise any letters of the alphabet, even though it is considered كلام by the linguists, because benefit is obtained from it (i.e. something can be understood from it).
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ii) مركب murakkab (compound) means that it is made up of two or more words, for e.g. محمد مسافر Muhammadun musaafirun (Muhammad is travelling), and العلم نافع al-3ilmu naafi3un (Knowledge is beneficial), and العلم خير ما تسعى إليه al-3ilmu khayru maa tas3aa ilayhi (Knowledge is the best thing you can strive for).
Each of these utterances is called كلام, and each of them is composed of two or more words. A single word is not considered as كلام by the grammarians, unless another word is joined to it. This can be done either explicitly – as in the previous examples – or implicitly, such as if someone said to you “Who is your brother?” and you replied “Muhammad”. Your reply, even though only one word, would still be considered كلام by the grammarians, because it actually means, “My brother is Muhammad”. So it is actually an expression of four words.
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iii) مفيد mufeed means that if you stopped on the word, the meaning would be complete, and your listener would not be waiting for you to finish. For example, if you said, “When the teacher comes”, this would not be called كلام , even if it is both a لفظ and مركب , because the addressee is still waiting for the meaning to be complete (ie. What will happen when the teacher comes?). But if you said, “When the teacher comes, the students are all quiet,” then this is now considered كلام because it is beneficial.
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iv) بالوضع bi’l-wad3i means that the words used in the utterance are words used by the Arabs to indicate a specific meaning, for example the word كتب kataba (he wrote) is a word put in place by the Arabs to indicate a specific meaning, and that is the action of writing which has occurred in the past. Also, the word محمد is a word used by the Arabs for a specific meaning, this being the reference to the person who is called this name. If you were to say كتب محمد kataba Muhammad, then you will have used to words, each of which is used according to its Arabic meaning. If you use the speech of foreigners, such as the Turks, the Persians, (the English) etc, then grammatically this is not كلام even though it may be so linguistically.
Test Yourself Questions
What is كلام?
What does it mean to be a لفظ?
What does it mean to be مفيد?
What does it mean to be مركب?
What does it mean to be بالوضع?
Give five examples of utterances which would be termed كلام by the grammarians.
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Ajrumiyyah lesson 1 - Al-Kalam
The author is Abu ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Daawud as-Sinhaajiyy, known as Ibn Aajurroom. He was born in 672 Hijri and died in 723, may Allah have mercy on him.
Lesson 0.1
الكلام هو اللفظ المُرَكٌب المفيد بالوضع al-kalaamu huwa’l-lafdhu’l-murakkabu’l-mufeedu bi’l-wad3i – ‘Speech refers to beneficial compound utterances, which follow the rules of Arabic grammar.”
---
الكلام (speech) has two meanings; one linguistic and one grammatical.
Linguistically, it refers to something through which some benefit is obtained, and it can be a word, or something else such as a line, writing, or a gesture. For e.g. if someone were to ask you “Have you brought me the book I asked you for?” and you nodded your head, then your questioner would understand this to mean ‘yes’, so linguistically, this is defined as كلام.
Grammatically speech must fulfill four conditions in order that it be called كلام.
i) That it is a لفظ (spoken word)
ii) That it is مركب (compound)
iii) That it is مفيد (beneficial)
iv) That it is used according to the rules of Arabic.
Each of these will be explained more below insha’Allaah:
-------
i) لفظ lafdh means that it is a sound which comprises some of the letters of the alphabet that begin with أ and end with ي. For example, the words أحمد Ahmad and يكتب yaktubu (He writes) and سعيد sa3eed (happy) – upon pronounciation, each of these three words is a sound which comprises four letters of the alphabet. A gesture, for example, is not considered كلام by the grammarians, because it does not comprise any letters of the alphabet, even though it is considered كلام by the linguists, because benefit is obtained from it (i.e. something can be understood from it).
-------
ii) مركب murakkab (compound) means that it is made up of two or more words, for e.g. محمد مسافر Muhammadun musaafirun (Muhammad is travelling), and العلم نافع al-3ilmu naafi3un (Knowledge is beneficial), and العلم خير ما تسعى إليه al-3ilmu khayru maa tas3aa ilayhi (Knowledge is the best thing you can strive for).
Each of these utterances is called كلام, and each of them is composed of two or more words. A single word is not considered as كلام by the grammarians, unless another word is joined to it. This can be done either explicitly – as in the previous examples – or implicitly, such as if someone said to you “Who is your brother?” and you replied “Muhammad”. Your reply, even though only one word, would still be considered كلام by the grammarians, because it actually means, “My brother is Muhammad”. So it is actually an expression of four words.
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iii) مفيد mufeed means that if you stopped on the word, the meaning would be complete, and your listener would not be waiting for you to finish. For example, if you said, “When the teacher comes”, this would not be called كلام , even if it is both a لفظ and مركب , because the addressee is still waiting for the meaning to be complete (ie. What will happen when the teacher comes?). But if you said, “When the teacher comes, the students are all quiet,” then this is now considered كلام because it is beneficial.
----
iv) بالوضع bi’l-wad3i means that the words used in the utterance are words used by the Arabs to indicate a specific meaning, for example the word كتب kataba (he wrote) is a word put in place by the Arabs to indicate a specific meaning, and that is the action of writing which has occurred in the past. Also, the word محمد is a word used by the Arabs for a specific meaning, this being the reference to the person who is called this name. If you were to say كتب محمد kataba Muhammad, then you will have used to words, each of which is used according to its Arabic meaning. If you use the speech of foreigners, such as the Turks, the Persians, (the English) etc, then grammatically this is not كلام even though it may be so linguistically.
Test Yourself Questions
What is كلام?
What does it mean to be a لفظ?
What does it mean to be مفيد?
What does it mean to be مركب?
What does it mean to be بالوضع?
Give five examples of utterances which would be termed كلام by the grammarians.